The term is typically used to distinguish an upper-air observation from a surface weather observation, as in "winds aloft". aloft Located in the atmosphere at some height (often significantly high) above the Earth's surface. Alberta clipper almanac An annual publication of calendar events. They derive their energy from solar radiation and commonly develop in temperate zones during summer afternoons. Such storms move relatively slowly, are short-lived, and often exist only as single cells (rather than in long continuous lines or complexes), but may still produce lightning and heavy rainfall. air-mass thunderstorm Any thunderstorm that is generally weak and usually not severe. air parcel In fluid dynamics, any amount of air that remains identifiable throughout its dynamic history while moving with an associated air flow. air mass A volume of air defined by its temperature and moisture content. They are generally divided into horizontal and vertical currents and exist at a variety of scales and in various layers of the atmosphere.
ageostrophy air current Any concentrated area of winds that develops due to differences in pressure and/or temperature between adjacent air parcels. Examples of natural aerosols include mist, clouds, fog, and dust. aerosol A suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas. aeronomy The branch of meteorology that studies the upper regions of the Earth's or other planetary atmospheres, specifically their atmospheric motions, chemical compositions and properties, and interactions with the other parts of the atmosphere and with space. aerography The production of weather charts. aerobiology The branch of biology that studies airborne organic particles, such as bacteria, viruses, fungal spores, pollen grains, and very small insects, which are passively transported by the air.
In such systems the temperature of a dry parcel of air changes without any exchange of energy with its surroundings: as the parcel rises, the decrease in the surrounding atmospheric pressure enables the air in the parcel to expand in volume, which decreases its internal energy and therefore its temperature ( expansional cooling) as the parcel sinks and is compressed, its temperature increases ( compressional warming). Most compressible fluids, including gases in the atmosphere, behave approximately adiabatically, such that meteorologists often use the assumption of adiabatic isolation when describing atmospheric systems.
adiabatic process Any idealized hypothetical process by which energy is transferred between a thermodynamic system and its surroundings only as work, without a corresponding transfer of heat or mass. When not otherwise qualified, the term most often refers to the dry adiabatic lapse rate. The parcel's moisture content affects this rate: as it rises, a parcel saturated with moisture cools more slowly than a dry parcel because the release of latent heat at the phase change between gas and liquid acts to buffer the temperature decrease caused by the adiabatic expansion. adiabatic lapse rate The rate at which a parcel of air changes temperature adiabatically as it moves vertically through the atmosphere. An adiabatic process of compressional warming, in which a sinking air parcel increases in temperature as it decreases in volume. adiabatic heatingĪlso called adiabatic warming. adiabatic cooling An adiabatic process of expansional cooling, in which a rising air parcel decreases in temperature as it increases in volume.
adiabat A line drawn on a thermodynamic diagram along which an air parcel moves as it ascends or descends through the atmosphere, cooling or warming adiabatically the path followed by this line depends on whether it is a dry adiabat or a saturated adiabat. actinometer A scientific instrument used to measure the heating power of radiation, particularly solar radiation. They are closely related to and sometimes considered a variant of stratocumulus clouds. Describing a collection of low-lying, radially structured clouds with distinct shapes (resembling leaves or wheels in satellite imagery), and typically organized in extensive mesoscale fields over marine environments. In the context of meteorology, the related term convection generally refers to vertical transport. advection The horizontal transport of some property of the atmosphere or ocean, such as thermal energy, humidity, or salinity. A ab-polar current Any air current moving away from either the North Pole or the South Pole.
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